Maize farming is one of Kenya's most important agricultural activities, with significant benefits to food security and the national economy.
Learn about maize farming in Kenya, including its impact on food security and the national economy. Discover the various aspects of maize farming, such as varieties, planting techniques, nutrient management, pest control, irrigation, harvest, and marketing.
Understand maize farming's challenges and opportunities, as well as its future directions in Kenya.
If you are an aspiring or practicing maize farmer, you should learn about the best maize fertilizer in your area. Despite its profitability, maize yields have been declining over time, and if this problem is not addressed, the country may face a severe food shortage in the future.
Kenya's main maize production areas are Kakamega, Kirinyaga, Uasin Gishu, and Trans Nzoia County. Overall, the country produces at least 26 million bags of maize, which is less than the annual demand of at least 34 million bags. This is despite the fact that the area under cultivation is expanding.
This demonstrates that the yield per acre is decreasing, and if this problem is not addressed soon, the country will spend its reserves importing food. So what are some of the factors influencing maize yields in Kenya?
The primary factors influencing maize yields in Kenya can be classified into two categories: environmental and technological. These factors are exacerbated by the current global warming trends affecting the planet. Abiotic factors encompass environmental stresses such as droughts, heatwaves, floods, and cold snaps, which induce molecular, biochemical, and physiological changes in plants. For instance, alterations in soil pH due to climatic pressures can serve as an abiotic constraint. Biotic factors, on the other hand, stem from the decline of vital organisms like pollinators or the proliferation of pests such as vertebrates and arthropods. These pests may migrate between regions due to climate-induced shifts.
Recent years have witnessed efforts to introduce genetically modified maize strains into the market. Some genetically enhanced varieties have demonstrated the potential to increase yields by over 30%. Additionally, technological innovations like advanced fertilizer formulations tailored for maize growth, the utilization of farm machinery, and the adoption of adaptive microbial technology have contributed to enhanced maize yields. Enhanced fertilizer technology promises a yield increase of up to 50%, with farmers potentially harvesting 8 kg of grains per 1 kg of nutrient fertilizer.
Climate requirements
Maize is a warm-season crop that needs a minimum temperature of 10-15°C to germinate and grow. In Kenya, the ideal climate for maize farming is found at elevations ranging from 900 to 2,500 meters above sea level.
These areas experience an average annual rainfall of 600 to 1,200 mm, which is evenly distributed throughout the growing season. However, irrigation allows maize to be grown in drier areas.
Soil requirements
Maize can grow in a variety of soils, but it thrives in well-drained, fertile soils with pH levels ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. The soil should have a high organic matter content, which increases soil fertility and water retention capacity. Soils in areas with high rainfall should be well-drained to avoid waterlogging, which can result in poor crop growth and yield.
Soil testing is recommended to assess the soil's nutrient status and guide fertilizer application.
Kenya's rich ecological diversity hosts various maize varieties tailored to specific regions. Among the prevalent maize cultivars in Kenya are:
Hybrid Maize Hybrid maize results from the crossbreeding of distinct maize plants, yielding offspring with predetermined traits such as heightened yields, enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, and increased drought resilience. Notable hybrid maize varieties cultivated in Kenya encompass H624, H614, and H512.
Open-Pollinated Varieties (OPVs)
OPVs denote maize strains that haven't undergone genetic alteration and rely on natural pollination methods like wind and insects. They exhibit adaptability to diverse environmental conditions and have been cultivated for generations in Kenya. Prominent OPVs in Kenya include Katumani, MH18, and PH4.
High-Altitude Maize Tailored for cooler climates and higher elevations, high-altitude maize varieties boast extended maturation periods but deliver bountiful yields. Widely grown high-altitude maize strains in Kenya encompass Longe 5, H614, and H621.
Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
QPM stands out as a specialized maize category characterized by elevated protein levels and superior amino acid profiles compared to conventional maize varieties. Cultivated in Kenya to combat malnutrition and bolster the nutritional intake of vulnerable populations, notable QPM varieties include Mwaiwathu, Makueni, and KDV4.
Maize selection among Kenyan farmers hinges on various factors such as soil composition, climatic conditions, market demands, and agricultural techniques. Government agencies and agricultural research institutions provide guidance on optimal maize varieties suited to specific regions, aimed at maximizing yields and profits.
Before delving into optimal maize fertilizers, understanding the environmental requisites for successful maize farming is crucial:
Effective land preparation is paramount in maize farming in Kenya, as it significantly influences maize yields and crop quality.
Clearing the Land
Prior to maize planting, the land must be cleared of any vegetation, including bushes, trees, and grass. This can be accomplished manually using tools like hoes, machetes, or slashers, or through mechanical means employing tractors or ploughs.
Tillage
After clearance, the soil requires tillage to create an optimal seedbed for maize cultivation. Tillage involves loosening the soil and breaking up clods to ensure a smooth and even surface, which can be achieved using equipment such as disc harrows, chisel ploughs, or cultivators.
Soil Fertility Enhancement
Maize thrives in fertile soil, necessitating soil testing to assess nutrient levels. If deficiencies are identified, fertilizers rich in essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be applied to augment soil fertility. Organic options like manure and compost are favored for their sustainability and cost-effectiveness over synthetic alternatives.
Soil pH Adjustment
Maize prefers a soil pH range of 6.0 to 7.5 for optimal growth. Soil pH can be adjusted using lime or sulfur to ensure it falls within the desired range, as deviations can adversely affect maize development.
Ridge and Furrow System
In regions with high rainfall or poor soil drainage, adopting a ridge and furrow system aids in soil drainage and prevents waterlogging. Maize is planted on raised ridges while furrows facilitate excess water drainage, promoting healthier crop growth.
Successful maize cultivation in Kenya hinges on strategic planting methods tailored to local conditions:
Time of Planting
Maize is typically planted during the rainy season, ideally at its onset to capitalize on soil moisture. Some areas may practice multiple plantings throughout the year to align with rainfall patterns.
Spacing
Optimal spacing between maize rows and plants maximizes yield potential. Recommended spacing in Kenya is 75cm between rows and 30cm between plants, though adjustments may be made based on factors like variety and soil fertility.
Depth of Planting
Maize seeds should be planted at a depth of 5-10cm to ensure proper germination and growth. Shallow planting can result in poor germination, while excessive depth may delay emergence.
Seed Rate
The recommended seed rate ranges from 20-25 kg per acre, depending on factors like variety, spacing, and soil conditions.
Planting Methods
Various techniques such as drilling, broadcasting, and dibbling are employed:
Pre-Planting Treatment
Some farmers treat maize seeds before planting to combat pests and diseases, enhance germination rates, and boost plant vigor. Treatment methods may include seed soaking, fungicide or insecticide application, and biofertilizer usage.
By employing appropriate planting methodologies and nutrient management practices, Kenyan farmers can optimize maize growth and yields, thereby bolstering food security and economic prosperity.
Agricultural practices and growth conditions significantly influence maize yield, with proper fertilization playing a pivotal role. Timely fertilizer application, based on soil testing to determine nutrient requirements, is essential. To calculate fertilizer needs per hectare, multiply the target maize yield by 25 kg of commercial fertilizer. Organic fertilizers offer advantages over industrial counterparts, such as environmental sustainability and potential yield increases of up to 30%. Selecting the best fertilizer depends on soil type and preferences. For acidic soil, organic options like Safi Sarvi are recommended, while liming effect fertilizers such as MEA Mazao are suitable for acidic soil. Application methods vary throughout the growth stages, including phosphorus fertilizer application during planting, foliar fertilization for early crop development, and top dressing with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) during plant growth stages. Additionally, flowering and grain filling stages benefit from nutrient-rich sprays like GoldChance super flowers & fruit fertilizer or DIMIPHITE to enhance maize quality and quantity.
For consultancy services or specialized fertilizers tailored to rice cultivation in regions like Mwea, Kenya, contact us for assistance.
During planting, place a teaspoonful of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer in each planting hole, mix thoroughly with the soil, and then add the seeds. Mechanical planting can also be accomplished using well-calibrated planters equipped with fertilizer hoppers. The fertilizer can also be mixed into the soil before planting at a rate of 50kg per acre. DAP contains phosphorus, which is necessary for root growth. To avoid seed burning, make sure the fertilizer is thoroughly mixed into the soil.
Foliar fertilizers are applied to maize leaves. GOLDCHANCE SUPER START® is a recommended foliar fertilizer for maize farming in Kenya. This phosphorous-rich fertilizer promotes early crop establishment and should be applied to young plants at a rate of 50 grams per 20 litres of water.
Top dressing with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) fertilizer should be done 2-3 weeks after planting, or when the crop reaches 45cm (1.5ft) height. Apply 1 teaspoonful of CAN fertilizer to the base of each plant in a ring or row, about 15 cm apart. In high-rainfall areas, top dressing is done in two stages: the first 6 weeks after sowing, and the second 10-15 days later, or just before tasseling. Fertilizer is applied once in low rainfall areas, at a rate of 50-100 kg per acre. CAN fixes nitrogen in the soil, which is necessary for the green color of the leaves and the plant's ability to produce food.
To promote vigorous vegetative growth, Kenyan maize farmers should spray their crops with LAVENDER SUPER GROWTH®. This fertilizer should be applied at a rate of one milliliter per litre of water.
Kenyan maize farmers should apply GOLDCHANCE SUPER FLOWERS & FRUITS® to their crops during the flowering and grain filling stages. This fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 50 g per 20 litres of water to improve both quality and quantity. Fertilizer application at the right time is critical for successful maize farming in Kenya. Farmers should apply the recommended basal, top dressing, and foliar fertilizers at the appropriate times to achieve maximum yields.
Furthermore, farmers should use high-quality fertilizers that are thoroughly mixed with the soil or water. Maize farming in Kenya can be profitable with proper fertilizer management.
Good luck with your maize farming...